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Contents
I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
II. Money in a Free Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1. Th e Value of Exchange. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2. Barter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3. Indirect Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4. Benefi ts of Money . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5. Th e Monetary Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
6. Th e Shape of Money. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
7. Private Coinage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
8. Th e “Proper” Supply of Money. . . . . . . . . . . 20
9. Th e Problem of “Hoarding” . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
10. Stabilize the Price Level? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
11. Coexisting Moneys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
12. Money Warehouses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
13. Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
III. Government Meddling With Money . . . . . . . . . 49
1. Th e Revenue of Government . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2. Th e Economic Eff ects of Infl ation . . . . . . . . 51
3. Compulsory Monopoly of the Mint . . . . . . . 56
4. Debasement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
5. Gresham’s Law and Coinage . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
a. Bimetallism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
b. Legal Tender. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
6. Summary: Government and Coinage. . . . . . 64
7. Permitting Banks to Refuse Payment . . . . . . 65
8. Central Banking: Removing the Checks
on Infl ation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
vi What Has Government Done to Our Money?
9. Central Banking: Directing the Infl ation. . . 73
10. Going Off the Gold Standard . . . . . . . . . . . 75
11. Fiat Money and the Gold Problem. . . . . . . . 78
12. Fiat Money and Gresham’s Law . . . . . . . . . . 81
13. Government and Money . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
IV. Th e Monetary Breakdown of the West . . . . . . . . 88
1. Phase I: Th e Classical Gold Standard,
1815–1914 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
2. Phase II: World War I and After . . . . . . . . . 92
3. Phase III: Th e Gold Exchange Standard
(Britain and the United States) 1926–1931 . . 93
4. Phase IV: Fluctuating Fiat Currencies,
1931–1945 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
5. Phase V: Bretton Woods and the New
Gold Exchange Standard (the United
States) 1945–1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
6. Phase VI: Th e Unraveling of Bretton
Woods, 1968–1971 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
7. Phase VII: Th e End of Bretton Woods:
Fluctuating Fiat Currencies,
August–December, 1971 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
8. Phase VIII: Th e Smithsonian Agreement,
December 1971–February 1973 . . . . . . . . . 106
9. Phase IX: Fluctuating Fiat Currencies,
March 1973–? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
About the Mises Institute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
