World History: Cultures, States, and Societies to 1500
ISBN: 978-1-940771-10-6
Eugene Berger Georgia Gwinnett College, eberger@ggc.edu George Israel Middle Georgia State University, larry.israel@mga.edu Charlotte Miller Middle Georgia State University, charlotte.miller@mga.edu Brian Parkinson Georgia Southwestern State University, brian.parkinson@gsw.edu Andrew Reeves Middle Georgia State University, andrew.reeves1@mga.edu See next page for additional authors
C h a p t e r O n e : p r e h i s t O r y 1 1.1 Chronology 1 1.2 Introduction 1 1.3 Questions to Guide your Reading 3 1.4 Key Terms 3 1.5 Human Beginnings in Africa 3 1.6 Agriculture and the “Neolithic Revolution” 12 1.7 Summary 18 1.8 Works Consulted and Further Reading 19 1.9 Links to Primary Sources 2 0 C h a p t e r tw O : e a r ly Mi d d l e e a s t e r n a n d n O r t h e a s t af r i C a n C i v i l i z a t i O n s 21 2.1 Chronology 21 2.2 Introduction 2 2 2.3 Questions to Guide Your Reading 2 3 2.4 Key Terms 24 2.5 Ancient Mesopotamia 2 5 2.6 Sumerian City-States 26 2.7 Mesopotamian Empires 31 2.8 The Significance of Mesopotamia for World History 37 2.9 The Israelites and Ancient Israel 3 8 2.10 Early Israelites 3 9 2.11 The United Kingdom of Israel 4 0 2.12 The Impor tance of the Israelites and Ancient Israel 41 2.13 Ancient Egypt 42 2.14 Dynastic Egypt 45 2.15 Nubia: the Kingdoms of Kerma and Kush 5 3 2.16 Summary 5 7 2.17 Works Consulted and Fur ther Reading 5 8 2.18 Links to Primary Sources 6 0 C h a p t e r th r e e : a n C i e n t a n d e a r ly Me d i e v a l i n d i a 62 3.1 Chronology 6 2 3.2 Introduction 6 2 3.3 Questions to Guide Your Reading 6 5 P Page | v 5.6 Periods of Greek History 178 5.7 Methodology: Sources and problem 179 5.8 From Mythology to History 182 5.9 Archaic Greece 185 5.10 The Classical Period 196 5.11 Hellenistic Period 208 5.12 Conclusion 213 5.13 Works Consulted and Further Reading 214 5.14 Links to Primary Sources 215 C h a p t e r si x: th e rO M a n wO r l d f r O M 753 BCe t O 50 0 Ce 217 6.1 Chronology 217 6.2 Introduction 217 6.3 Questions to Guide your Reading 219 6.4 Key Terms 219 6.5 Geography and Topography of Rome and the Roman Empire 221 6.6 Basic Chronology and Periods of Roman History 224 6.7 Sources and Problems 224 6.8 Early and Middle Republic 227 6.9 Fall of the Roman Republic 237 6.10 The Early Empire 247 6.11 The Third-Century Crisis, and Late Antiquity 256 6.12 Conclusion 262 6.13 Works Consulted and Further Reading 263 6.14 Links to Primary Sources 264 C h a p t e r s e v e n : we s t e r n e u r O p e a n d By z a n t i u M C i r C a 5 0 0 - 10 0 0 C e 2 6 6 7.1 C h r o n o l o g y 266 7. 2 In t r o d u c t i o n 267 7. 3 Q u e s t i o n s t o G ui d e yo u r R e a di n g 268 7.4 Ke y Te rm s 269 7.5 S u c c e s s o r K i n g d om s t o t h e We s t e r n R om a n Em pi r e 269 7.6 B y z a n t i um: t h e A g e o f J u s t i ni a n 271 7.7 P e r s p e c t i v e s: P o s t-R om a n E a s t a n d We s t 276 7.8 T h e B r i t i s h I s l e s: E u r o p e’ s P e r i p h e r y 277 7.9 B y z a n t i um: C r i s i s a n d r e c o v e r y 278 7.10 We s t e r n E u r o p e: t h e R i s e o f t h e F r a n k s 280 7.11 G l o b al C o n t e x t 283 Page | vi 7.12 D ail y L i f e i n We s t e r n E u r o p e a n d t h e B y z a n t i n e Em pi r e s 2 8 6 7.13 C a r o li n gi a n C o ll a p s e 287 7.14 T h e Te n t h - C e n t u r y C h u r c h 291 7.15 B y z a n t i n e A p o g e e: T h e M a c e d o ni a n Em p e r o r s 292 7.16 C o n c l u s i o n 294 7.17 Wo r k s C o n s ul t e d a n d Fu r t h e r R e a di n g 295 7.18 L i n k s t o P r im a r y S o u r c e s 295 C h a p t e r ei g h t : i s l a M t O t h e Ma M l u k s 2 9 6 8.1 Chronology 296 8.2 Introduction 296 8.3 Questions to Guide Your Reading 297 8.4 Key Terms 298 8.5 Geography of the Middle East 299 8.6 Rise of Islam 299 8.7 The Expansion of Islam 304 8.8 The Rashidun Caliphs 307 8.9 The Umayyad Caliphate 314 8.10 The ‘Abbasid Caliphate 319 8.11 The Fatimid Caliphate 325 8.12 The Crusades 328 8.13 The Mamluk Sultanate 331 8.14 Conclusion 334 8.15 Works Consulted and Further Reading 334 8.16 Links to Primary Sources 334 C h a p t e r ni n e : af r i C a n h i s t O r y t O 15 0 0 3 3 6 9.1 Chronology 336 9.2 Introduction 337 9.3 Questions to Guide Your Reading 340 9.4 Key Terms 341 9.5 Writing the History of Ancient and Medieval Africa 341 9.6 Aksum and Ethiopia 345 9.7 The Western Sudanic States 351 9.8 The Spread of Agriculture and Great Zimbabwe 358 9.9 The Swahili Cit y-States (East A frica) 361 9.10 Conclusion 365 9.11 Works Consulted and Fur ther Reading 366 Page | vii C h a p t e r te n : th e a M e r i C a s 3 6 8 10.1 Chronology 368 10.2 Introduction 369 10.3 Questions to Guide Your Reading 370 10.4 Key Terms 371 10.5 Mesoamerica 371 10.6 The Maya 376 10.7 The Aztec 379 10.8 Early Andes 380 10.9 North America 390 10.10 Conclusion 395 10.11 Works Consulted and Fur ther Reading 395 10.12 Links to Primary Sources 396 C h a p t e r el e v e n : C e n t r a l a s i a 3 9 8 11.1 Chronology 398 11.2 Introduction 398 11.3 Questions to Guide Your Reading 399 11.4 Key Terms 400 11.5 Geography of Central Asia 401 11.6 Turkic Migrations 402 11.7 Islam 405 11.8 The Mongol Era 406 11.9 The Khanate of Chagatai 415 11.10 The Khanate of the Ilkhans 417 11.11 Timur 420 11.12 Conclusion 423 11.13 Works Consulted and Fur ther Reading 424 11.14 Links to Primary Sources 424 C h a p t e r tw e l v e : we s t e r n e u r O p e a n d By z a n t i u M C i r C a 10 0 0 - 15 0 0 C e 4 2 6 12.1 Chronology 426 12.2 Introduction 428 12.3 Questions to Guide Your Reading 429 12.4 Key Terms 430 12.5 The Emergence of a Feudal Order in Western Europe 430 12.6 Grow th of Towns and Trade 433 12.7 Growth in Agriculture 434 Page | viii 12.8 A Roman Empire? 435 12.9 The Holy Roman Empire’s Peripheries 437 12.10 Expansion of Christendom 437 12.11 Church Reform in the Eleventh Century 439 12.12 The Crusades 442 12.13 The Twel f th Centur y in Wes tern Europe 447 12.14 Empires: Recovery and Collapse 449 12.15 The Twel f th-Centur y Renaissance 451 12.16 The Third Crusade 453 12.17 The Four th Crusade 454 12.18 The states of Thirteenth-Century Europe 456 12.19 Later Crusades and Crusading’s Ultimate Failure 459 12.20 Scholasticism 460 12.21 Daily Life at the Medieval Zenith 463 12.22 Fourteenth Century Crises 465 12.23 War 467 12.24 Southeastern Europe in the Late Middle Ages 468 12.25 The Late Medieval Papacy 469 12.26 The European Renaissance 471 12.27 States in the Late Middle Ages and Renaissance 474 12.28 Iberia and the Atlantic: New Worlds 474 12.29 Conclusion 476 12.30 Works Consulted and Further Reading 477 12.31 Links to Primary Sources 478
