Africana Studies
A Survey of Africa and the African
Diaspora
Fourth Edition
Edited by
Mario Azevedo
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Azevedo, Mario Joaquim, editor, author.
Title: Africana studies : a survey of Africa and the African diaspora / by
Mario Azevedo.
Description: Fourth edition. | Durham : Carolina Academic Press, 2018. |
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2018040977 | ISBN 9781594607325 (alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: African diaspora. | Africa--History. | Blacks--History.
Classification: LCC DT16.5 .A35 2018 | DDC 960--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018040977
eISBN 978-1-5310-1440-7
Carolina Academic Press, LLC
700 Kent Street
Durham, North Carolina 27701
Telephone (919) 489-7486
Fax (919) 493-5668
www.cap-press.com
Printed in the United States of America
PART I
INTELLECTUAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE BLACK EXPERIENCE
1 · African Studies and the State of the Art
Mario J. Azevedo
Introduction
Definition and Historical Evolution of African Studies
The Disciplines and the “State of the Art” in African Studies
The African Studies Association
The Surfacing and Re-Emergence of Old and New Issues in African Studies:
The Twenty-First Century
Summary
Study Questions and Activities
References
2 · African American Studies and the State of the Art
Rico D. Chapman
Introduction
Historical Context
African American Studies and Their Pivotal Role
Black Studies at HBCUs
Early Funding for African American Studies and the Ford Foundation
Foundation and Structure
Summary
Study Questions and Activities
References
PART II
5
PEOPLES OF AFRICAN DESCENT AND THEIR PLACE IN HISTORY
3 · Africa and the Genesis of Humankind
R. Hunt Davis, Jr.
Introduction
Physical Environment and Human Development
From Sahelanthropus Tchadiensis to Homo Sapiens
The Evolution of Cultures and Civilizations
The Shift to Food Production and Use of Metals
Early African States
Bantu Expansion
Egypt
The Middle Nile
Other Early and Late African States
Summary
Study Questions and Activities
References
4 · Transatlantic Slavery and the Underdevelopment of Africa
Agya Boakye-Boaten
Introduction
Underlying Actors of the Transatlantic Slave Trade
Slavery and the Dynamics of Internal African “Slavery”
Nature of the Transatlantic Slave Trade
The Transatlantic Slave Trade and Africa's Underdevelopment
Summary
Study Questions and Activities
References
5 · Diaspora Africans and Slavery
Raymond Gavins & Marsha J. Tyson Darling
Introduction
The New World Slave System
6
Resistance and Rebellion: A Recurring Response to Oppression
Slavery in the United States
The Response to Slavery
Antislavery and Emancipation
Summary
Study Questions and Activities
Glossary
References
6 · European Exploration and Conquest of Africa
Mario J. Azevedo
Introduction
The Scramble for Africa and African Response
Colonial Policies in Africa
Impact of Colonial Rule in Africa
Summary
Study Questions and Activities
References
7 · The Quest for Equality: From Reconstruction to Obama
Marsha J. Tyson Darling
Introduction
Reconstruction: Education, Leadership, and the “Negro” Movement
Migration, the Military, and the Courts
Direct Social Action and Its Aftermath
Summary
Study Questions and Activities
References
8 · The African Experience in the Caribbean: Continuity and Change
Lomarsh Roopnarine
Introduction
Geography, Slavery, and Emancipation
7
Post-Emancipation Caribbean: Labor Movements and Decolonization
Social Issues: African-Caribbean Languages and Religions
Summary
Study Questions and Activities
References
9 · African Nationalism: Freedom for Men, Women, and the Nation
Maria Martin
Introduction
Establishment of Colonialism
Precursors to African Nationalism: WWI, WWII, and the Cold War
Influences on African Nationalism
The Movement Begins
Where Are the Women?
Women in Nationalism or Women's Nationalism? A Nigerian Case Study
Summary
Study Questions and Activities
References
10 · The Pan-African Movement
Michael Williams
Introduction
Origins and Early Emigration Efforts
Twentieth and Twenty-First Century Developments
Post-World War II Trends
Summary
Study Questions and Activities
References
PART III
THE PRESENT AND THE FUTURE OF THE BLACK WORLD
11 · The Contemporary African World
Luis B. Serapiao
8
Introduction
Nation-Building and Economic Development
Africa in World Affairs
The African Union (AU)
Southern Africa
The Chinese Puzzle: Neo-Colonialism or Assistance to “Comrades in Arms”?
Summary
Study Questions and Activities
References
12 · The Contemporary African Diaspora
Msia Kibona Clark
Introduction
Overview of Black Migration in the US
Causes for Migration to the US: Push Factors
Pull Factors
Caribbean Migration
The First Phase
The Second Phase
The Third Phase
Caribbean Communities
African Migration
The First Phase
The Second Phase
The Third Phase
African Communities
Popular Culture Representations of African and Caribbean People
Television and Film
Music
Identity
Other Diasporas
The Americas
9
The Middle East and Asia
Europe
Summary
Discussion Questions and Activities
References
13 · Continental Africans and Africans in America: The Progression of a
Relationship
F. Ugboaja Ohaegbulam
Introduction
Naming the Race in the Diaspora
Pre- and Post-Garvey Emigration Schemes
Africa and African American Institutions and Scholars
Tensions in African and African American Relations
Summary
Study Questions and Activities
References
PART IV
CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE BLACK WORLD
14 · Music in Africa and the Caribbean
Roderic Knight & Kenneth Bilby
Introduction
Music in Africa
Cultural Context and Genres
Musical Instruments: An Overview
Singing Styles and Content
Stylistic Features of Ensemble Performance
The Music of the Caribbean
Survey of Caribbean Music
Popular Music and Its Links with Tradition
Caribbean Music and the Rest of the World
Summary
10
Study Questions and Activities
References
15 · African American Music: An Introduction
Eddie S. Meadows
Introduction
Cultural Spheres
Richard Waterman
Olly Wilson
Eddie S. Meadows
Old-Time Music
Africa in Blues
Blues: Country, Classic, Early Urban, Urban
Classic Blues
Early Urban and Urban Blues
Boogie Woogie and Ragtime
New Orleans Ragtime
Jelly Roll Morton Influence
St. Louis Ragtime
Eastern Ragtime
Boogie Woogie compared to Ragtime
Africa in Jazz
Jazz Styles
5-Man Group
7-Man Group
Swing
Musical Attributes of Swing
Duke Ellington
Duke Ellington's Musical Attributes, Contributions, and Innovations
Count Basie
Count Basie's Musical Attributes, Contributions, and Innovations
Bebop
11
Hard Bop
Jazz Fusion and Funky Style
Soul Jazz
Jazz Rock
Third Stream
Avant-Garde, Free, and Creative Music
Issues, Trends, and Developments in Jazz, Past and Present
Musical
Non-Musical
Doo-Wop and Rhythm and Blues
White Covers of Black Rhythm and Blues
Soul Music
Funk
Musical Attributes of Funk
Recording Labels
Motown
Phase I, 1959–1963
Phase II, 1964–1967
Phase III, 1968–1972
Stax Records
The Stax Sound
Neo Soul
Hip Hop
Hip Hop Culture
Elements of Hip Hop Culture
Additional Core Hip Hop Cultural Elements
Regional Rap
New Directions and Criticism
Religious Music
Spirituals
Gospel
12
1900–1930
1930s
1940s
1950s
1960s
1970–2017
Euro-American Classical Music
Summary
Study Questions and Activities
Selected References
African Origins, Retentions, Transformations, and Reinterpretation
General
Jazz (Text and Reference)
Blues, Popular Music
Spirituals
Gospel
16 · The Art of Africa and the Diaspora
Sharon Pruitt
Introduction
Toward an Approach to Understanding Traditional African Art
A Study of Traditional African Art
Contemporary Art in Africa: Nigeria
Africanisms and Pioneers in African American Art
Some Aspects of Caribbean Art
Summary
Study Questions and Activities
References
Images in Videos and Website Articles of Artwork for the Early Part of This
Chapter
Rock Art
Ancient Nigerian Art
13
Maasai
17 · Literature in Africa and the Caribbean
Tanure Ojaide
Introduction
Definition
Traditional Oral and Written Literature in Africa
Literary Trends in the English-Speaking Caribbean
Summary
Study Questions and Activities
References
18 · African American Literature: A Survey
Trudier Harris
Introduction
Oral Tradition and Slave/Freedom Narratives
African American Poetry
African American Fiction and Drama
Summary
Study Questions and Activities
References
19 · Contributions in Science, Business, Film, and Sports
Mario J. Azevedo & Jeffrey Sammons
Introduction
Patenting by African Americans
African Americans and Business Ownership
African Americans in the Film Industry
African Americans in the Sports Arena
Summary
Study Questions and Activities
References
PART V
14
SOCIETY AND VALUES IN THE BLACK WORLD
20 · The African Family
Mario J. Azevedo
Introduction
Family Structure
Patrilineal and Matrilineal Societies
Modes of Transmission of Tradition
The Impact of Modernization on the Family
Summary
Study Questions and Activities
References
21 · The African American Family
Gwendolyn Spencer Prater
Introduction
The Black Family from Slavery to Freedom
The Black Family from Freedom to Civil Rights
A Look at the Present Conditions
The Survival of the African American Family
Summary
Study Questions and Activities
References
22 · Religion in Africa
Mario J. Azevedo
Introduction
Traditional Religion
Impact of Christianity
The Expansion of Islam
Summary
Study Questions and Activities
References
15
23 · Religion in the Diaspora
Kevin D. Butler
Introduction
The United States: The Conjure (Hoodoo) Tradition
The Church in the United States and Slavery
The Roots of the Independent Black Church Movement
The Black Church Movement after Slavery
The Caribbean and Brazil: African Religious Traditions
The Church in the Caribbean: Missionary Work on the Islands Prior to
Emancipation
Emancipation and the Church
Rastafarianism
Islam in the United States
Summary
Study Questions and Activities
References
24 · The Evolving Roles of African Women
Agnes Ngoma Leslie
Introduction
Matriarchy and Patriarchy
Dual-Sex Political System
Women and the Economy
Religion and Status
Women and Supernatural Powers
Women's Political Engagement
Two Queen Mothers
Women's Status in Colonialism
Women's Activism against Colonialism
Women's Movements: Post-Independence
The Contemporary Situation
Case Study: Rwanda
16
Summary
Study Questions and Activities
References
25 · Women of the Caribbean
A. Lynn Bolles & Barbara Shaw
Introduction
Legacies of the Caribbean History
Family Structure and Kinship
Tourism and Women's Work
Health, Sexuality, and HIV/AIDS
Overview of Caribbean Women's Literature in the Diaspora
Study Questions and Activities
Glossary
References
26 · Lifting as We Rise: Women in America
Marsha J. Tyson Darling
Introduction
Key Conceptual and Methodological Issues
Assessing African Roots and Women's Status
The Enslavement of African Females
Free Black American Women
Freedwomen
Summary
Study Questions and Activities
References
27 · Africa Anew: Reinventing Community Alliances and Indigenous Ways
in the Age of HIV/AIDS
Almaz Zewede
Introduction
African Traditional Medicine
17
The Development of Western Medicine in Africa: A Brief Overview
Centering African Traditional Medicine
Africa: HIV/AIDS and Associated Disorders
Western Medicine and Africa's Campaign against Major Diseases
Health and African Population Growth
Empowerment and Development through Health: Positive Lessons from the
Anti-River Blindness Project in Africa
Future Africa: Community Self-Mobilization in the Age of HIV/AIDS and
Other Challenges
Community Responses to the Health Crisis: The Stephen Lewis Foundation
Model in Africa
Summary
Study Questions and Activities
References
28 · Debunking the Myth of the Doctrine of the Discovery of Africa
Jeremias Zunguze
Introduction
The Papal Bulls: A Brief Historical Background
From Non-Christians to People without Religion: Christendom's Conquest,
Cosmological Fundamentalism, and the Origins of Modern Africa
From Non-Christians to the “Zone of Non-Being”: Conquest and the Order of
the Colonial World
From Non-Humans to People without Art, History, And Science: The
Scramble for Africa, Epistemic Fundamentalism, and the Secular
Reconquest of the Continent
Summary
Discussion Questions and Activities
References
PART VI
APPENDIXES
Appendix A
Selected Maps
18
Physical Map of Africa
Pre-Colonial Africa
Colonial Africa
Present-Day Africa
The Caribbean
Appendix B
Landmarks in the History of Peoples of African Descent
Appendix C
Selected Periodicals and References in Africana Studies Available in the
United States
Index
