SAGE Publications, Inc.
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SAGE Publications Asia-Pacific Pte. Ltd.
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Copyright © 2014 by SAGE Publications, Inc.
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Chapter 1. Understanding Teams
Chapter 2. Defining Team Success
Chapter 3. Team Beginnings
Chapter 4. Understanding the Basic Team Processes
Chapter 5. Cooperation and Competition
Chapter 6. Communication
Chapter 7. Managing Conflict
Chapter 8. Power and Social Influence
Chapter 9. Decision Making
Chapter 10. Leadership
Chapter 11. Problem Solving
Chapter 12. Creativity
Chapter 13. Diversity
Chapter 14. Team, Organizational, and International Culture
Chapter 15. Virtual Teamwork
Chapter 16. Evaluating and Rewarding Teams
Chapter 17. Team Building and Team Training
About the Author
Acknowledgments
Introduction
PART I: CHARACTERISTICS OF TEAMS
Chapter 1. Understanding Teams
Learning Objectives
1.1 Defining Groups and Teams
1.2 Purposes and Types of Teams
How Teams Are Used by Organizations
Classifying Teams
1.3 Why Organizations Use Teams
Job Characteristics
Organizational Characteristics
1.4 History of Teams and Group Dynamics
Foundations of Teamwork
Foundations of Group Dynamics
Leading Virtual Teams: Virtual Meetings and Virtual Collaboration—Selecting
Technologies to Use for your Team
Summary
Team Leader ’s Challenge 1
Survey: Attitudes Toward Teamwork
Activity: Working in Teams
Chapter 2. Defining Team Success
Learning Objectives
2.1 Nature of Team Success
Completing the Task
Developing Social Relations
Benefiting the Individual
2.2 Conditions for Team Success
Group Composition
Characteristics of the Task
Group Process
Organizational Context
2.3 Characteristics of Successful Teams
2.4 Using Teams in the Workplace
Benefits of Teamwork
Problems of Teamwork
Teams as a Fad
Summary
Team Leader ’s Challenge 2
Activity: Understanding Team Success
PART II: PROCESSES OF TEAMWORK
Chapter 3. Team Beginnings
Learning Objectives
3.1 Stages of Teamwork
Group Development Perspective
Project Development Perspective
Cyclical Perspective
Implications of Team Development Stages
3.2 Group Socialization
3.3 Team Goals
Value and Characteristics of Goals
Hidden Agendas
3.4 Group Norms
How Norms Are Formed
Impact of Group Norms
3.5 Application: Jump-Starting Project Teams
Team Warm-Ups
Project Definitions and Planning
Team Contract
Leading Virtual Teams: Starting a Virtual Team
Summary
Team Leader ’s Challenge 3
Activity: Observing Team Norms
Activity: Developing a Team Contract
Chapter 4. Understanding the Basic Team Processes
Learning Objectives
4.1 Motivation
Social Loafing
Increasing Group Motivation
4.2 Group Cohesion
How Cohesion Affects the Group’s Performance
Building Group Cohesion
4.3 Team Roles
Role Problems
Types of Team Meeting Roles
4.4 Task and Social Behaviors
Value of Social Behaviors
4.5 Team Adaptation and Learning
Using Feedback
Group Process Observations
Leading Virtual Teams: Motivating Participation in Virtual Meetings
Summary
Team Leader ’s Challenge 4
Activity: Observing Task and Social Behaviors
Chapter 5. Cooperation and Competition
Learning Objectives
5.1 Teamwork as a Mixed-Motive Situation
5.2 Why Are People in Teams Competitive?
Culture
Personality
Organizational Rewards
5.3 Problems With Competition
Communication and Goal Confusion
Intergroup Competition
When Is Competition Appropriate?
5.4 Benefits of and Problems With Cooperation
Benefits of Cooperation
Problems With Cooperation
Competitive Versus Cooperative Rewards
5.5 Application: Encouraging Cooperation
Common Goals
Rebuilding Trust and Communication
Negotiating Cooperation
Leading Virtual Teams: Building Trust and Social Relationships
Summary
Team Leader ’s Challenge 5
Survey: Cooperative, Competitive, or Individualistic Orientation
Activity: Understanding Competitive Versus Cooperative Goals
Chapter 6. Communication
Learning Objectives
6.1 Communication Process
Sender
Receiver
Message
Communication Within Teams
6.2 Flow of a Team’s Communications
Communication Climates
Psychological Safety
Processing Information Within the Team
Building Trust
6.3 Emotional Intelligence
6.4 Facilitating Team Meetings
6.5 Communication Skills for Team Meetings
Leading Virtual Teams: Running Virtual Meetings to Ensure Everyone Is
Following the Agenda and People Arrive at the Same Understanding
Summary
Team Leader ’s Challenge 6
Survey: Team Emotional Intelligence
Activity: Observing Communication Patterns in a Team
PART III: ISSUES TEAMS FACE
Chapter 7. Managing Conflict
Learning Objectives
7.1 Conflict Is Normal
7.2 Sources of Conflict
7.3 Impact of Conflict
Benefits of and Problems With Conflict
Conflict in Work Teams
7.4 Conflict Resolution Approaches
Two Dimensions of Conflict
Comparing Different Approaches to Conflict Resolution
7.5 Managing Team Conflicts
Preparing for Conflicts
Facilitating Conflicts
Negotiating Conflicts
Leading Virtual Teams: Reducing Conflict and Developing Collaboration
Summary
Team Leader ’s Challenge 7
Survey: Conflict Resolution Styles
Activity: Observing Conflict Resolution Styles
Chapter 8. Power and Social Influence
Learning Objectives
8.1 Definitions of Power and Social Influence
Conformity
Obedience
8.2 Types of Power
Bases of Power
Influence Tactics
8.3 Power Dynamics
Status and the Corrupting Effect of Power
Unequal Power in a Team
Minority Influence
Impact of Interdependence
8.4 Empowerment
Degrees of Empowerment Programs
Successful Empowerment Programs
8.5 Application: Acting Assertively
Power Styles
Use of Power Styles
Encouraging Assertiveness
Leading Virtual Teams: Ensuring Dissenting Voices Are Heard and
Empowering the Team
Summary
Team Leader ’s Challenge 8
Activity: Using Power Styles—Passive, Aggressive, and Assertive
Chapter 9. Decision Making
Learning Objectives
9.1 Value of Group Decision Making
Advantages and Disadvantages of Group Decision Making
When Are Group Decisions Superior to Individual Decisions?
9.2 Approaches to Group Decision Making
Evaluating Group Decision-Making Approaches
Normative Decision-Making Theory
9.3 Decision-Making Problems
Causes of Group Decision-Making Problems
Group Polarization
Groupthink
9.4 Decision-Making Techniques
Nominal Group Technique
Delphi Technique
Ringi Technique
Evaluation of Decision-Making Techniques
9.5 Application: Consensus Decision Making
Leading Virtual Teams: Encouraging Agreement on a Decision
Summary
Team Leader ’s Challenge 9
Activity: Making Consensus Decisions
Activity: Group Versus Individual Decision Making
Chapter 10. Leadership
Learning Objectives
10.1 Alternative Designs of Leadership for Teams
Characteristics of Team Leadership
Leader Emergence
10.2 Approaches to Leadership
Trait or Personality Approach
Behavioral Approach
Situational Approach
Contingency Approach
10.3 Situational Leadership Theory
10.4 Self-Managing Teams
Leading Self-Managing Teams
Motivating Self-Managing Teams
Success of Self-Managing Teams
10.5 Application: The Functional Approach to Leading Teams
Providing a Context for Teams
Facilitating Internal Operations
Team Coaching
Leading Virtual Teams: New Approaches to Leadership in Virtual Teams
Summary
Team Leader ’s Challenge 10
Survey: Leadership Styles
Activity: Observing the Leader ’s Behavior
Chapter 11. Problem Solving
Learning Objectives
11.1 Approaches to Problem Solving
11.2 Descriptive Approach: How Teams Solve Problems
11.3 Functional Approach: Advice on Improving Team Problem Solving
Factors That Improve Team Problem Solving
Factors That Hurt Team Problem Solving
11.4 Prescriptive Approach: Rational Problem-Solving Model
Problem Recognition, Definition, and Analysis
Generating Alternatives and Selecting a Solution
Implementation and Evaluation
11.5 Problem-Solving Teams
11.6 Application: Problem-Solving Techniques for Teams
Problem Analysis
Criteria Matrix
Action Plans
Force Field Analysis
Summary
Team Leader ’s Challenge 11
Activity: Using Problem-Solving Techniques
Chapter 12. Creativity
Learning Objectives
12.1 Creativity and Its Characteristics
12.2 Individual Creativity
12.3 Group Creativity
Problems With Group Creativity
Brainstorming
Strengths of Group Creativity
12.4 Organizational Environment and Creativity
12.5 Application: Group Creativity Techniques
Brainstorming
Nominal Group Technique and Brainwriting
Selecting a Solution
Multiple-Stage Creativity Approaches
Leading Virtual Teams: Virtual Creativity
Summary
Team Leader ’s Challenge 12
Activity: Comparing Different Creativity Techniques
Chapter 13. Diversity
Learning Objectives
13.1 The Nature of Diversity
Why Diversity Is Important Now
Types of Diversity
How Diversity Affects a Team
13.2 Causes of Diversity Problems
Diversity as a Cognitive Process
Team Leader
Diversity as a Social Process
13.3 Problems of Diversity
Misperception
Emotional Distrust
Failure to Use Team Resources
13.4 Effects of Diversity
Research on the Effects of Diversity on Teams
Cross-Functional Teams
13.5 Application: Creating a Context to Support Diversity
Increasing Awareness
Improving Group Process Skills
Creating a Safe Environment
Improving Organizational Issues
Summary
Team Leader ’s Challenge 13
Survey: Attitudes Toward Diversity
Activity: Understanding Gender and Status Differences in a Team
PART IV: ORGANIZATIONAL CONTEXT OF TEAMS
Chapter 14. Team, Organizational, and International Culture
Learning Objectives
14.1 Team Culture
14.2 Defining Organizational Culture
14.3 Organizational Culture and Teamwork
14.4 Dimensions of International Culture
Individualism Versus Collectivism
Power and Status
Uncertainty and Risk Avoidance
Comparing the United States and Japan
14.5 International Differences in Teamwork
14.6 Transnational Teams
Characteristics of Transnational Teams
Creating Effective Transnational Teams
Leading Virtual Teams: Dealing With Cultural Issues
Summary
Team Leader ’s Challenge 14
Survey: Individualism–Collectivism
Activity: Evaluating a Team’s Culture and Cultural Context
Chapter 15. Virtual Teamwork
Learning Objectives
15.1 Use of Communication Technologies
Communication Technologies and Teams
Characteristics of Communication Technologies
15.2 Communication Impacts
Status Differences
Anonymity
Miscommunication
Communication Norms
15.3 Team Impacts
Task Performance in Virtual Teams
Decision Making
Social Relations
15.4 Selecting the Right Technology
Factors to Consider When Selecting Technology
Matching Technology to the Team and Task
15.5 Challenge of Virtual Teams
Team Building in Virtual Teams
Future of Virtual Teams
Summary
Team Leader ’s Challenge 15
Activity: Developing Netiquette for Virtual Teams
Activity: Experiencing Teamwork in a Simulated Virtual Team
Chapter 16. Evaluating and Rewarding Teams
Learning Objectives
16.1 Team Performance Evaluations
Types of Evaluations
Types of Measures
Participation in the Evaluation Process
Problems and Biases With Team Evaluations
16.2 Reward Systems
Types of Approach
Hybrid Approaches
16.3 Rewarding Individual Team Members
Changing Base Pay
Skill-Based Pay
16.4 Team and Organizational Reward Programs
Team Recognition Programs
Organizational Rewards
16.5 Relationship of Rewards to Types of Teams
Types of Teams
Linking Rewards to Type of Team
Summary
Team Leader ’s Challenge 16
Survey: Individual Versus Team Rewards
Activity: Evaluating and Rewarding a Project Team
Chapter 17. Team Building and Team Training
Learning Objectives
17.1 What Is Team Building?
Organizational Context of Team Building
Evaluating Team-Building Programs
17.2 Does Your Team Need Team Building?
17.3 Types of Team-Building Programs
Goal Setting
Role Clarification
Interpersonal Process Skills
Cohesion Building
Problem Solving
17.4 Team Training
Training the Team Together
Planning for the Transfer of Training
17.5 Types of Training
Team Resource Management Training
Cross-Training and Interpositional Training
Action Learning
Summary
Team Leader ’s Challenge 17
Activity: Team Building
Activity: Appreciative Inquiry of Teamwork
Appendix: Guide to Student Team Projects
A.1 Starting the Team
A.2 Planning and Developing the Project
A.3 Monitoring the Project and Maintaining Teamwork
A.4 Performing Group Writing
A.5 Wrapping Up and Completing the Project
References
Index
About the Author
